Three Levels
The ExPAND framework supports progression through three levels of AI-enhanced learning,
detailing key activities and focus areas at each stage to support
progressive AI literacy and learner development.
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The CRAFT model underpins the Prompt stage at all 3 levels, guiding learners to design purposeful prompts for effective AI use.
Student-guided (SG) Level:
Learning
ABOUT AI
At the Student-guided level, learners are introduced to the five stages of ExPAND — Explore, Prompt, Apply, Navigate, and Develop. Here, they build curiosity, basic prompting skills using the CRAFT model, and ethical awareness while experimenting with AI under teacher guidance.
Key Areas: Curiosity, experimentation
Student Role: Guided Explorers, AI-Aware Beginners
AI Role: Tool, Tutor
Focus:
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Teacher-led exploration of AI tools to spark curiosity and awareness
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Context-based tasks for appropriate and purposeful use with the help of the CRAFT model
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Discussions on AI’s strengths, limits, and potential risks to develop responsibility
Output: Students complete structured, teacher-designed tasks using AI as a supportive tool, gaining foundational knowledge of GenAI and cultivating cautious optimism.
At the Student-driven level, learners revisit the stages from Prompt (i.e. the CRAFT model) to Develop with greater sophistication. Using the POWER model (Present, Open, Work, Extend, Reflect), they apply structured strategies to create more meaningful, creative, and well-organised work with AI support.
Key Areas: Strategy, creativity, critical thinking
Student Role: Critical Responders, Iterative Thinkers
AI Role: Coach, Teammate
Focus:
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Applying the POWER model to strengthen ideas and build self-editing habits
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Introducing the PromptFlow Sequences (PFSs) for strategic prompting and logical progression
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Using the POWER Bots to support targeted language skills
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Integrating the POWER, the PFSs, and the POWER Bots into a cohesive learning process
Output: Students take greater initiative, refine AI outputs, request feedback, and negotiate meaning with AI, while teachers shift into mentoring and advisory roles.
Student-driven (SD) Level:
Learning
WITH AI
Student-led
(SL) Level:
Learning
BEYOND AI
At the Student-led level, learners engage deeply with Prompt (i.e. the CRAFT model), Apply, Navigate, and Develop through the SMART model (Self-regulation, Metacognitive Reflection, Adaptive Transfer, Responsible Innovation, Task Ownership). They become self-directed learners who use AI ethically, set personal goals, reflect critically, and take full ownership of their learning journey.
Key Areas: Ethics, independence, self-direction
Student Role: Self-directed Co-constructors, Purposeful Innovators
AI Role: Amplifier, Creative Partner
Focus:
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Embedding the SMART habits to build metacognitive routines for planning, monitoring, and evaluation
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Using AI to simulate peer dialogue and debates, fostering independent reasoning
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Developing resilience through AI-supported learning logs and reflective journals
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Extending learning via cross-task and cross-curriculum transfer
(e.g. STEAM, Values Education)
Output: Students design their own prompts, use AI as a metacognitive companion, and critically evaluate outputs. They demonstrate autonomy by transferring learning across contexts and showcase mastery of AI literacy through confident, ethical, and purposeful AI use.